ProBelt

By placing mathematical operators on a grid and connecting them by conveyor belts you need to get to a specific result in order to solve tasks and level up.
Each task starts with a source producing numbers and a goal that expects a specific result. On the way from the source to the goal construct conveyor belts leading in and out of operators. At the end the number(s) delivered to the goal must match the requirements. 
Operators are similar to what's part of a programming language, like if-else constructs, memory cells, for loops, modulo, square roots or stacks. There are also operators to display results, like a 7-Segment display.
The game uses real numbers.
Each level upgrade unlocks additional operators.
A level editor (unlocked when highest level reached) allows players to produce tasks. In the level editor a (proprietary) script language is used to calculate what number(s) the source produces and what number(s) the goal expects.
There is a sandbox mode in which players can freely build whatever they want using the operators available at the current level.
Each new operator gets explained in a tutorial or in a task.